Thymus gland

—Thymus gland is both an endocrine gland and lymphatic organ.

—Located under the sternum, anterior and superior to the heart.

—Fairly large childhood, it begins to disappear at puberty.

—The major hormone is thymosin which helps to stimulate the lymphoid cells that are responsible for the production of T cells, which fight certain diseases.

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Thyroid Gland

• Is a butterfly-shaped mass of tissues located in the anterior part of the neck.

• It is about 2 inches long, with two lobes joined by strands of thyroid tissues called the isthmus.

• Thyroid gland has a rich blood supply. It fact, it has been estimated that about 4 to 5 liter (some 8.5 to 10.5 pints) of blood pass through the gland every hour.

• Thyroid gland secretes three hormones: thyroxine, triiodothyronine and calcitonin.

• The function of thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) are as follows:

1. Controls the rate of metabolism in the body: how cell use glucose and oxygen to
produce heat and energy.
2. Stimulates protein synthesis and thus helps in tissue growth.
3. Stimulates the breakdown of liver glycogen

• Calcitonin controls the calcium ion concentration in the body by maintaining a proper calcium level in the bloodstream.

• Approximately 99% of calcium stored in bones. Calcium is necessary for blood clotting, holding cell together and neuromuscular functions.

• Proper secretion of calcitonin into the bloodstream prevents hypercalcemia, a harmful rise in the blood calcium level.

Ligamen

–Ligamen adalah tisu berfiber kenyal yang menghubungkan tulang dengan tulang.

–Berfungsi:

§mengekal dan menetapkan tulang pada kedudukannya

§Membolehkan pergerakan pada sendi

Long Bone

Spine

Skull

Types of Fractures